Yayati, Devayani and Sharmistha

Once, several maidens were bathing in a lake in the gardens of the Gandharva Chitrarath. A strong wind mixed up the garments the maidens had left on the bank. When the maidens emerged from the water, they found their clothes all jumbled up. In the confusion, Sarmishtha, the daughter of Asura King Vrishaparvan, took Guru Sukracharya’s daughter Devayani’s garments, unaware they weren’t hers. This mix-up led to a heated dispute between Devayani and Sarmishtha. In the process, Sharmishta insulted Devyani, telling her she is a Princess and Devyani is only the daughter of her father’s dependent. Angry and humiliated, Devayani pulled at her clothes, and in response, Sarmishtha threw her into a well and went home, believing Devayani was dead.

Soon after, King Yayati, the son of Nahusha, arrived at the spot while out hunting. Thirsty and tired, he saw the dry well and, looking inside, noticed a maiden of celestial beauty. Addressing her with soothing words, he asked, ‘Who are you and how did you fall into this well?’ Learning that she was a Brahmana’s daughter, King Yayati extended his hand and pulled her out of the well. He returned to his capital, having ensured her safety.
Devayani, distressed and grieving, told her maid to rush and inform her father of everything that has happened. I will not return to Vrishaparvan’s city. Following her instructions, the maid hurried to the mansion of the Asura Guru and conveyed the news to Sukra, who, concerned, immediately set out to find his daughter. Finding her in the woods, he embraced her and enquired about the incident. Devayani replied, ‘Sharmishtha insulted you, claiming you are merely a hired chanter of praises and a receiver of alms, while her father is the giver and the adored’. Sukra responded, ‘You are not the daughter of a hired adorer or one who accepts alms. You are the daughter of one who is adored by all, including Vrishaparvan, Indra, and King Yayati. With these reassuring words, Sukra tried to calm his daughter, who was distressed and angry.

Sukra became enraged. Approaching Vrishaparvan, he barked, ‘O king, because you killed the Brahmana Kacha and mistreated my daughter, I shall leave you and your relatives!’ I can no longer stay with you!

Vrishaparvan replied, ‘O son of Bhrigu, never have I doubted your virtue or truthfulness. Be kind to me! If you leave us, we shall then descend into the ocean depths. Vrishaparvan said, you are the absolute master of all the wealth of the Asura chiefs in this world—their elephants, cattle, and horses, and even myself!’ Sukra replied, ‘If it is true, then gratify Devayani. Vrishaparvan then approached Devayani and told her, ‘O Devayani, whatever you desire, I will give you, no matter how difficult it may be to grant.’ Devayani responded, ‘I desire Sarmishtha with a thousand maids to wait on me! She must also follow me wherever my father may give me away. Commanded by her father, Sarmishtha, accompanied by a thousand maidens, soon approached Devayani and said, ‘With my thousand maids, I am your waiting-maid! I will follow you wherever your father may give you away.’

Devayani, with Sarmishtha and a thousand maids, later visited those woods for leisure. Just then, King Yayati, again came there, tired and thirsty from hunting. The king saw Devayani and Sarmishtha, along with the other maidens. Yayati, seeing this, said ‘Why is this companion of yours, the daughter of the Asura chief, your waiting-maid?’ Devayani replied, ‘everything results from fate and asked the King about himself. The monarch replied, I am known as Yayati, a king’s son and a king myself. Then Devyani requested the King to marry her.

Yayati replied, I do not deserve you. You are the daughter of Sukra, far superior to me. Your father cannot give you even to a great king.’ Devayani responded, ‘My hand has never been touched by any man except you. Therefore, I accept you as my lord. Yayati said, I cannot wed you unless your father bestows you to me.’ Devayani quickly sent a maidservant to her father, who represented everything as it had happened. Sukra came and saw Yayati. Upon seeing him, Yayati worshipped and adored him, standing with joined palms in expectation of his commands. Sukra said, ‘my daughter has accepted you as her lord. I bestow her on you. Therefore, O son of Nahusha, accept her as your wife.’

Yayati said, ‘I ask for the boon that by doing so, the sin of begetting a half-breed might not touch me.’ Sukra assured him, ‘I shall absolve you from the sin. Maintain your wife virtuously and happiness be yours in her company. However, her maiden, Vrishaparvan’s daughter, Sarmishtha, should never be summoned to your bed.’ Yayati then married Devayani, and with Sarmishtha and two thousand maidens, returned to his capital.

Upon returning to his capital, Yayati entered his private chambers and established his bride, Devayani, there. Following Devayani’s guidance, the monarch assigned Vrishaparvan’s daughter, Sharmishtha, a mansion specially constructed near the artificial Ashoka woods in his gardens and ensured she had everything she needed, from food to garments. However, it was Devayani with whom the royal son of Nahusha spent many blissful years, enjoying each other’s company. When her time came, the beautiful Devayani conceived and bore a fine son.

Many years later, Sarmishtha reached puberty and saw that her season had arrived. Anxious, she thought to herself, ‘My season has come, but I haven’t chosen a husband yet. What should I do? How can I fulfil my wishes? Devayani has become a mother, while my youth is slipping away in vain. Should I also choose the man Devayani has chosen? This is my resolve: that monarch should give me a son. While Sarmishtha was deep in thought, the king wandered into the Ashoka woods and saw Sarmishtha standing there alone. Seeing the king, Sarmishtha approached him with joined palms and said, ‘O son of Nahusha, I am both beautiful and well-born. I solicit you; my season has arrived. Do not let it go in vain. Yayati replied, ‘I know well the honour of your birth. You are also beautiful, and I see no flaw in your features. However, Sukra commanded me, at the time of marriage to Devayani, never to summon you to my bed. Sarmishtha responded, ‘It is said, O king, that it is not sinful to lie on five occasions: in jest, in dealing with women, during marriage, when in danger of immediate death, and to save one’s wealth. Yayati said, ‘A king should always be a model of truthfulness for his people. A monarch who speaks untruths surely faces destruction. As for myself, I dare not speak an untruth even under the greatest threat.’ Sharmishtha replied, ‘O king, a friend’s husband can be regarded as one’s own. One’s friend’s marriage is the same as one’s own. My friend chose you as her husband, so you are my husband too.’ Yayati then said, ‘It is my vow to always grant what one asks of me. Tell me what I am to do.’ Sharmishtha replied, protect my virtue and let me become a mother of your child. I am indeed Devayani’s slave. You are her master and lord. Therefore, O king, you are my master and lord, too. I solicit you! Please, fulfil my wishes.’ Persuaded by Sarmishtha’s words, the monarch honoured her by protecting her virtue, and they spent some time together.

In due course, Sharmishtha conceived and gave birth to a son who shone with the splendour of a celestial child and had eyes like lotus petals. When Devayani heard of the birth of Sarmishtha’s child, she became jealous and harboured unpleasant thoughts about her. Approaching her, Devayani said, what sin have you committed by succumbing to lust?’ Sarmishtha replied, ‘A virtuous Rishi, well-versed in the Vedas, came to me. He granted my wishes based on considerations of virtue. I tell you truly, this child is his!’ Devayani answered, ‘If that is the case, it is all right’. Yayati also fathered two sons with Devayani, named Yadu and Turvasu. Sarmishtha, the daughter of Vrishaparvan, bore three sons with the royal sage, named Drahyu, Anu, and Puru.

One day, Devayani, accompanied by Yayati, went into a secluded part of the woods in the king’s extensive park. There, she saw three children of celestial beauty playing. Surprised, she asked, ‘Whose children are they resembling like the children of the celestials? In splendour and beauty, they seem like you. Without waiting for the king’s reply, Devayani asked the children themselves, oh children, what is your lineage? Who is your father? Pointing at the king, the children called Sharmishtha their mother. The children then approached the king to clasp his knees, but the king dared not caress them in Devayani’s presence. Overcome with grief, the boys left to find their mother. The king was abashed by their conduct, but Devayani, marking the children’s affection for the king, learned the truth and said to Sharmishtha, ‘How dare you harm me, being dependent on me? Sharmishtha said, ‘everything I told you about the Rishi is true. I acted rightly and in accordance with virtue, and therefore, I do not fear you. When you chose the king for your husband, I too chose him as mine. According to custom, a friend’s husband is one’s own husband’. Devayani, hearing these words, exclaimed to the king, ‘You have wronged me! I shall not stay here any longer.’ With tearful eyes, she quickly rose to go to her father. Alarmed, the king followed her, trying to appease her wrath. But Devayani, eyes red with anger, would not desist. Without speaking a word to the king, she reached her father, Sukra. Yayati also saluted and worshipped Sukra immediately after. Devayani said, ‘O father, vice has vanquished virtue. Sharmishtha, the daughter of Vrishaparvan, has wronged me again. The king Yayati has blessed her with three sons, whereas I, unlucky, have only two. This king has deviated from the path of righteousness.’

Sukra, hearing all this, said, ‘O King, since you have pursued vice despite knowing the precepts of religion, invincible decrepitude shall paralyze you!’ Yayati answered, the daughter of the Asura king solicited me to fulfil her season. I did it from a sense of virtue, not for other motives. Those knowledgeable in the Vedas label a man who rejects a woman during her season as an embryo slayer. I acted to avoid sin.’ Sukra replied, ‘You should have awaited my command. Having acted falsely in your duty, you are guilty of the sin of theft.’ Yayati, cursed by the angry Sukra, was then stripped of his youth and immediately overcome by decrepitude. Yayati said, ‘O son of Bhrigu, I have not yet satiated myself with youth or with Devayani.’ Be gracious and spare me from decrepitude,’ Sukra replied, ‘I never speak untruths. You are now attacked by old age. But if you wish, you can transfer this decrepitude to another.’

Yayati said, ‘O Brahmana, let my son who gives me his youth enjoy my kingdom, achieving both virtue and fame.’ Sukra replied, ‘O son of Nahusha, think of me and transfer your decrepitude to whomever you choose. The son who gives you his youth shall become your successor, enjoy a long life, wide fame, and many progenies.

From the story of Yayati, Devayani, and Sharmishtha, we can draw several important life lessons:

Respect and Kindness: The initial conflict between Devayani and Sharmishtha began with a simple mistake and escalated because of harsh words and insults. This teaches the importance of treating others with respect and kindness, even in difficult situations.

Humility is essential: Sharmishtha’s humility and willingness to serve Devayani ultimately led to her own happiness and fulfilment.

Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Despite the initial conflict, Devayani eventually accepts Sharmishtha’s service. This highlights the power of forgiveness and the importance of moving past conflicts to build harmonious relationships.

Honouring Commitments: Yayati’s adherence to Sukra’s command to not summon Sharmishtha to his bed, despite being tempted, demonstrates the importance of honouring one’s commitments and promises.

Consequences of Actions: Yayati’s eventual yielding to Sharmishtha and the subsequent curse from Sukra illustrate that actions have consequences, and one must be prepared to face them.

Value of Truthfulness: Yayati’s reluctance to lie and his desire to remain truthful, even under pressure, emphasize the significance of integrity and honesty in one’s actions and decisions.

Duty and Responsibility: Sukra’s expectation that Yayati should have awaited his command before acting shows the importance of duty and responsibility in maintaining order and respect within relationships and society.

Role of Fate and Free Will: The characters’ belief in fate and their actions based on personal choices reflect the interplay between destiny and free will. While fate plays a role in their lives, their choices significantly shape their outcomes.

Parental Guidance and influence: Sukra’s protective nature towards Devayani and his influence over her decisions underline the importance of parental guidance and the impact it has on a child’s life.

Balancing Desires and Virtue: Yayati’s desire to fulfil his duties to both Devayani and Sharmishtha while maintaining virtue shows the challenge of balancing personal desires with moral and ethical obligations.

Dealing with Jealousy and Envy: Devayani’s jealousy upon learning about Sharmishtha’s children highlights the destructive nature of envy and the need to address such feelings constructively.

Understanding and Compassion: Yayati’s attempt to comfort and understand Devayani after discovering her in the well shows the importance of empathy and compassion in relationships.

By reflecting on these lessons, we can gain insights into how to navigate complex relationships, make ethical decisions, and lead a life guided by principles of respect, honesty, and responsibility.

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Story of Kacha and Devayani

In ancient times, the celestials and the Asuras frequently fought for the sovereignty of the three worlds. Gods, desiring victory, installed Brihaspati, the son of Angiras, as their priest to conduct their sacrifices, while their opponents, the Asuras, installed the learned Sukracharya as their priest. The rivalry between these two Brahmanas was intense. Sukracharya, through his knowledge, revived the Danavas slain by the gods. These revived Danavas would then rejoin the battle against the gods. The Asuras also killed many celestials on the battlefield. Brihaspati, however, could not revive the slain gods because he did not know the Sanjivani (re-vivification) science that Sukra knew so well. Consequently, the gods were in great sorrow.

In their anxiety, the gods approached Kacha, the eldest son of Brihaspati, and requested him to gain Sukra’s knowledge. They advised Kacha to seek Sukra in the court of Vrishaparvan and to earn the favour of Sukra and his daughter Devayani. Kacha agreed and soon went to the capital of the chief of the Asuras, where he sought Sukra and requested to be accepted as his disciple.

Sukra welcomed Kacha and treated him with regard, recognizing that by doing so, he would respect Brihaspati as well. Kacha took a vow to practice the Brahmacharya mode of life for a thousand years and served both his preceptor Sukra and his daughter Devayani with dedication. Through his singing, dancing, and playing of instruments, Kacha soon won Devayani’s heart. Five hundred years into his vow, the Danavas, realizing Kacha’s intentions, became angry and decided to kill him. They slew Kacha, hacked his body into pieces, and fed his remains to jackals and wolves. When the kine returned without Kacha, Devayani expressed her sorrow to her father, Sukra.

Sukra, using his knowledge, summoned Kacha back to life. Kacha reappeared and explained how the Asuras had killed him. Despite being killed multiple times, Sukra revived Kacha each time. The Asuras eventually decided to burn Kacha’s remains and mix his ashes with Sukra’s wine. When Devayani once again expressed her grief, Sukra summoned Kacha, who was now inside Sukra’s stomach. Kacha, fearing the consequences for his preceptor, requested Sukra to be graceful and treat him like his own son.

Sukra, realizing that Kacha’s revival would require his own death, imparted the knowledge of Sanjivani to Kacha before asking him to rip open his stomach to emerge alive. Kacha did so and then used the gained knowledge to revive Sukra. Grateful for his preceptor’s teachings, Kacha revered Sukra as both a father and a mother.

Sukra, recognizing the consequences of drinking wine and having consumed Kacha’s ashes in a state of unconsciousness, declared that any Brahmana who drank wine would be considered as having committed the sin of slaying a Brahmana and would be despised in both this and the other worlds. He set this rule to preserve the dignity of Brahmanas.

After the period of his vow had expired, Kacha, having got his preceptor’s leave, was about to return to the abode of the celestials. Devayani, addressing him, said, ‘O grandson of the Rishi Angiras, in conduct and birth, in learning, asceticism, and humility, you shine most brightly. As my father honoured and regarded the celebrated Rishi Angiras, so is your father regarded and worshipped by me. Recollect my conduct towards you during the period of your vow. Your vow is now over. It behoves you to fix your affections on me and accept my hand in wedding.

Kacha replied, ‘You are,  an object of regard and worship to me even as your father. You are dearer than life to the high-souled Sukracharya. As the daughter of my preceptor, you are ever worthy of my worship! As my preceptor Sukra, your father, is ever deserving of my regards, so are you. O Devayani! therefore, it does not befit you to say so.’ Hearing this, Devayani replied, ‘You, too, are the son of my father’s preceptor’s son. Therefore, you deserve of my regards and worship. O Kacha, when you were slain so many times by the Asuras, recollect today the affection I showed for you. Remembering my friendship and affection for you, and indeed my devotion, it does not behove you to abandon me with no fault. I am truly devoted to you.’

Hearing all this, Kacha said, do not urge me into such a sinful course and be gracious to me. Beautiful one, you are to me an object of greater regard than my preceptor. The place where you had resided, viz., the body of Kavya, has also been my abode. You are truly my sister. Amiable one, happily have we passed the days that we have been together. There is a perfect and good understanding between us. I ask your leave to return to my abode. Therefore, bless me so that my journey may be safe. You must remember me, when you recall me in connection with topics of conversation, as one who has not transgressed virtue. Always attend to my preceptor with readiness and singleness of heart.’

To all this, Devayani answered, ‘If, solicited by me, you indeed refuse to make me your wife. Therefore, O’ Kacha, this your knowledge shall not bear fruit.’ Hearing this, Kacha said, ‘I have refused your request only because you are the daughter of my preceptor, and not because you have any fault. Nor has my preceptor in this respect issued any command. Curse me if it pleases you. I have told you what the behaviour should be of a Rishi. I do not deserve your curse, O Devayani. But yet you have cursed me! You have acted under the influence of passion and not from a sense of duty. Therefore, your desire will not be fulfilled. No Rishi’s son shall ever accept your hand in marriage. You have said that my knowledge shall not bear fruit. Let it be so. But in respect of him, it shall bear fruit to whom I may impart it.’

Kacha, having said so to Devayani, speedily went his way to the abode of the chief of the celestials. Seeing him arrived, the celestials with Indra ahead, having first worshipped him, spoke unto him as follows, ‘You have indeed performed an act of great benefit for us. Wonderful has been your achievement! Your fame shall never die! You shall be a sharer with us in sacrificial offerings.

This story of Kacha and Devayani offers several important life lessons:

The pursuit of knowledge: Kacha’s dedication to learning, even in the face of mortal danger, demonstrates the value of education and the lengths one might go to acquire important knowledge.

Loyalty and duty: Kacha remains loyal to his mission and his duty to the celestials, despite developing a close relationship with Devayani and Sukra.

The importance of ethical boundaries: Kacha refuses Devayani’s advances because she is his teacher’s daughter, showing respect for ethical boundaries in relationships.

The danger of anger and impulsiveness: Devayani’s curse, born out of anger and rejection, backfires on her, teaching the importance of controlling one’s emotions.

The power of forgiveness and revival: Sukra’s ability to revive Kacha multiple times shows the power of forgiveness and giving second chances.

The consequences of addiction: Sukra’s experience leads him to forbid wine consumption among Brahmanas, highlighting the negative consequences of addiction.

Respect for teachers: The story emphasizes the importance of respecting and honouring one’s teachers and their families.

The value of perseverance: Despite being killed multiple times, Kacha persists in his mission, demonstrating the importance of perseverance in achieving one’s goals.

The importance of clear communication: The misunderstanding between Kacha and Devayani shows the need for clear communication in relationships.

The power of knowledge: The entire conflict revolves around the power of the knowledge to revive the dead, showing how valuable and transformative knowledge can be.

The complexity of relationships: The story illustrates how relationships can be complicated by duty, gratitude, and differing expectations.

The importance of maintaining integrity: Kacha maintains his integrity by refusing to betray his principles, even when faced with a curse.

In essence, the story teaches about the virtues of respect, sacrifice, ethical behaviour, perseverance, duty, integrity, and the lasting impact of true knowledge and dedication.

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Lessons from Sakuntala’s Passionate speech

Upon refusal to accept Sakuntala as wife and Bharata as son by King Dusyanta, Sakuntala gave a very passionate speech in the Sabha.

A loyal wife is skilled in household affairs, has borne a son, devoted to her husband, and knows no one but her husband. A wife is crucial to a man, the primary friend, the basis of religion, profit, and longing, and the basis of salvation. Those with wives can perform religious acts, lead domestic lives, find cheerfulness, and achieve fortune. Sweet-speeched wives are friends in joy, fathers in religious acts, mothers in sickness and woe, and solace in the deep woods for travellers. Having a wife earns a man trust from all, making her the most valuable possession. Even when the husband leaves this world for the region of Yama, a devoted wife accompanies him. A wife going before waits for her husband; if the husband goes first, the chaste wife follows closely. For these reasons, marriage exists. The husband cherishes his wife’s companionship, both now and hereafter. Learned individuals say that one is reborn as one’s son. Therefore, a man whose wife has borne a son should regard her as his mother. Seeing the face of the son he has begotten upon his wife, like his own reflection in a mirror, a man feels as happy as a virtuous man attaining heaven. Men tormented by mental grief or bodily pain find refreshment in the companionship of their wives, like a perspiring person in a cool bath. A man should never act disagreeably towards his wife, even in anger, as his happiness, joy, and virtue are all depending on her. A wife is the sacred field in which the husband is reborn.

The husband entering the womb of the wife emerges as the son. Therefore, those knowledgeable of the Vedas call the wife Jaya (she of whom one is born). Because the son rescues ancestors from the hell called Put, he is named Putra (the rescuer from Put). Through a son, one conquers the three worlds. Through a son’s son, one enjoys eternity. Through a grandson’s son, great-grandfathers enjoy everlasting happiness. What happiness is greater than what a father feels when his son, even covered in dust, runs towards him and embraces him? Why then do you treat with indifference such a son, who has approached you himself and looks at you with longing eyes? Even ants support their eggs without destroying them; why should you, a virtuous man, not support your own child? The touch of soft sandal paste, women, and cool water is not as agreeable as the touch of one’s own infant son in one’s embrace. As a Brahmana is the foremost of bipeds, a cow the foremost of quadrupeds, and a protector the foremost of superiors, so is the son the foremost of agreeable objects to the touch. Let this handsome child embrace you. There is nothing more agreeable in the world than the embrace of one’s son.

An ugly person considers himself handsomer than others until he sees his own face in the mirror. When he finally sees his reflection, he perceives the difference between himself and others. Someone truly handsome taunts no one. Those who constantly speak ill of others become revilers. Like pigs in a flower garden, the wicked always gravitate towards evil amid good words. However, the wise, upon hearing speeches interspersed with both good and evil, accept only what is good, like geese that extract milk from water. Speaking ill of others pains honest people, but delights the wicked. Honorable individuals respect the old, whereas the wicked find joy in criticizing the good. Honest individuals are happy in not seeking faults, while the wicked find joy in doing so. The wicked speak ill of the honest, but the honest do not retaliate, even when harmed. It is absurd that the wicked label the truly honest as wicked.

Even atheists are bothered by those who stray from truth and virtue, acting like venomous snakes. As someone nurtured in faith, I am even more vexed by them. A man who ignores his own son, who is his image, cannot attain his desired worlds, and the gods destroy his fortune and possessions. The Pitris have said that a son continues the family line and is the best of all religious acts. Therefore, no one should abandon a son.

Manu has identified five kinds of sons: those begotten by oneself upon his wife, those got as a gift from others, those purchased for a consideration, those reared with affection, and those begotten upon other women than one’s wife. Sons support a man’s religion and achievements, enhance his joys, and rescue deceased ancestors from hell. Therefore, O king, you should not abandon a son. The dedication of a tank is more meritorious than that of a hundred wells; a sacrifice is more meritorious than the dedication of a tank; a son is more meritorious than a sacrifice; and truth is more meritorious than a hundred sons. A hundred horse sacrifices were once weighed against truth, and truth was found to be heavier.

O king, truth is equal to studying the entire Vedas and performing ablutions in all holy places. There is no virtue equal to truth, and nothing superior to it. Truth is God himself; truth is the highest vow. Therefore, do not violate your pledge, O monarch! Let truth and you be united. If you place no trust in my words, I will leave on my own. Indeed, your companionship should be avoided. But remember, O Dushyanta, that when you are gone, this son of mine shall rule the whole Earth surrounded by the four seas and adorned with the King of the Mountains.

Shakuntala’s passionate speech teaches us several valuable lessons about the roles and importance of family, truth, and virtue. Here are some important points:

The Importance of a Devoted Wife: A wife plays a crucial role in a man’s life, being half of him, the first of friends, and the root of religion, profit, and desire. She is also essential for achieving salvation. This emphasizes the value of mutual respect, love, and partnership in marriage.

Respect and Reverence in Marriage: Treating one’s wife with respect and reverence is fundamental, regardless of circumstances. A man’s happiness, joy, and virtue are entwined with his wife’s well-being and respect.

The Role of Sons in Legacy: Sons are extensions of their fathers, carrying on the family line, rescuing ancestors from hell, and providing immense joy and satisfaction. This highlights the cultural and religious significance of progeny in ensuring the continuation of family and spiritual lineage.

The Sacredness of Truth: Truth is paramount, considered equal to studying the entire Vedas and performing ablutions in holy places. It is the highest vow and is equated with God himself. Upholding truth is vital for maintaining integrity and righteousness.

Mutual Dependence and Support: The relationship between husband and wife, and between parents and children, is one of mutual dependence and support. Each contributes to the happiness, prosperity, and spiritual well-being of the other.

Parental Responsibility: Ignoring one’s own child is a grave sin that can lead to the loss of desired worlds and the destruction of fortune and possessions. A son is regarded as the best of all religious acts, underscoring the importance of parental responsibility and care.

Acceptance and Nurturing: The analogy of swine and geese teaches that wise individuals focus on the good in others and in situations, while the wicked focus on the bad. This encourages a mindset of acceptance, nurturing, and focusing on positive attributes.

Consequences of Abandonment: Abandoning a son or one’s responsibilities can have severe consequences, both spiritually and materially. This reinforces the duty of care and protection within the family unit.

Merit and Virtue: The speech highlights various meritorious acts, such as the dedication of tanks, sacrifices, and truth, ranking them in order of their spiritual significance. Truth stands at the highest level, showing its supreme importance in a virtuous life.

Endurance of Virtue Over Falsehood: Despite being wronged or misunderstood, maintaining honesty and virtue is crucial. The wicked may speak ill, but the virtuous do not retaliate, showcasing the endurance and strength of true virtue over falsehood.

The power of words and speech: It shows how eloquence and reasoned argument can defend one’s position and appeal to another’s conscience.

The value of forgiveness and non-retaliation: It suggests that virtuous people do not seek revenge even when wronged.

The importance of keeping promises: Sakuntala repeatedly emphasizes the significance of honouring one’s word and commitments.

Shakuntala’s speech serves as a reminder of the profound values embedded in familial and societal relationships, emphasizing respect, truth, and duty as pillars of a harmonious and virtuous life. It emphasizes personal integrity, family values, social responsibility, and spiritual growth, providing guidance for ethical living and harmonious relationships.

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Story of Dushyanta and Sakuntala

The founder of the Paurava line was Dushyanta, who was exuberant and dynamic. He protected the land surrounded by the four seas and ruled over all four corners of the world. He also governed regions in the sea and had power over the lands of the Mlechchhas (foreigners, non-Aryan people, people of inferior caste).

During his reign, there were no mixed castes, no need for farmers (because the land produced on its own), no miners (because the earth provided everything), and no sinful men. Everyone acted virtuously, with good intentions. There were no thieves, famines, or diseases. People enjoyed doing their duties and didn’t perform religious acts just for their desires. They trusted and felt safe with him as their king. Indra provided rain at the right time, and the fields produced juicy crops. The earth was full of wealth and Brahmanas did their duties sincerely. The youthful king was powerful and could lift mountains. He was skilled in all weapons and riding animals. In strength, he was like Vishnu, in splendour like the sun, in depth like the ocean, and in patience like the earth. His subjects loved him, and he ruled them virtuously.

One day, King Dushyanta, with a large force, entered the forest for hunting. Hundreds of soldiers, horses, and elephants accompanied him. The army made a loud noise as they marched, with warriors and attendants making a serious pandemonium. Beautiful ladies watched the king from their terraces and admired him, believing him to be as powerful as the god Indra. They showered him with flowers. He wandered, killing many animals with his weapons. The forest became empty of lions, tigers, and other wild beasts. The animals, in fear, fled and fell, exhausted and thirsty. Many fell victim to the warriors, who killed and consumed them.

King Dushyanta then moved to another forest, entering a large desert first. He crossed the plain and found a beautiful forest full of ascetic retreats. The forest was delightful, with soft grass, blossoming trees, and cool breezes. It was home to many birds, animals, and ascetics. The king felt immense joy and forgot his hunger and thirst. He entered the forest, leaving his army behind, and explored the sacred place with his minister and priest. The forest was like heaven, filled with the sounds of sacred chants and learned Brahmanas. The beauty and holiness of the forest amazed the king. He saw many Brahmanas engaged in their rituals and studies, and the forest echoed with their sacred hymns and mantras. The king, accompanied by his minister and priest, entered the retreat of the well known Rishi Kanwa, eager to meet him. The retreat, shielded by the Rishi’s virtues, was a sanctuary of profound peace and holiness. The king was so impressed by the sacred place that he wished to see more.

King Dushyanta left his few followers at the entrance of the hermitage and went in alone. He didn’t see the Rishi Kanwa, and the place seemed empty. He called out, ‘Is anyone here?’ His voice echoed back. A beautiful maiden, dressed as an ascetic’s daughter, came out and welcomed him. She offered him a seat, water for his feet, and Arghya, and asked about his well-being. Then she asked, ‘What can I do for you, O king?’ The king said, ‘I came to see the Rishi Kanwa. Where is he?’ Sakuntala replied, ‘My father is out gathering fruit. Please wait, and he will be back soon.’ The king noticed how beautiful she was, with sweet smiles and perfect features. He asked, ‘Who are you? Whose daughter are you? Why are you in the forest? You are so beautiful and virtuous. Where did you come from? At first sight, you have captured my heart! Tell me everything about you.’

Smiling, the maiden replied, ‘O King Dushyanta, I am the daughter of the wise and high-souled Rishi Kanwa.’ Dushyanta, surprised, said, ‘How can you be his daughter when he is a strict ascetic? This puzzles me greatly. Please explain.’ Sakuntala said, ‘Listen, O king, to what my father told another Rishi about my birth.

Once, the mighty ascetic Vishwamitra was performing severe penances, which alarmed Indra, the chief of the gods. Indra summoned Menaka, the celestial nymph, and asked her to tempt Vishwamitra and break his penance. Menaka was afraid because of Vishwamitra’s power and temper, but agreed to try with Indra’s help. Menaka went to Vishwamitra’s retreat and started playing before him. At that moment, the god of the wind took away her garments, making her appear bashful and beautiful. Vishwamitra saw her and, overcome by desire, invited her to be with him. They spent a long time together, and Menaka became pregnant. She gave birth to me, Sakuntala, on the banks of the river Malini and left me there. Vultures protected me until Rishi Kanwa found me during his ablution. He took me in and raised me as his daughter. He named me Sakuntala because I was protected by birds (Shakunt’s). Thus, I became his daughter, and I regard him as my father. This is the story my father told the Rishi about my birth, O king. I am Kanwa’s daughter, as you now understand.

King Dushyanta heard her and said, ‘Well spoken, princess! Be my wife, beautiful one. I will give you golden garlands, robes, earrings, pearls, coins, carpets, and my entire kingdom. Marry me in the Gandharva way, which is the best form of marriage for us. Sakuntala replied, ‘My father has gone to get fruit. Please wait until he returns to bless our marriage.’ Dushyanta responded, ‘I want you to be my wife. I exist for you and love you deeply. According to the laws, you can marry me yourself. There are eight types of marriages, and the Gandharva form is perfect for Kshatriyas like us. Sakuntala said, ‘If this is right, then hear my condition. Our son must be your heir. If you agree, we can marry.’ The king agreed immediately and promised to take her to his capital. They married, and Dushyanta assured her before leaving, saying he would send his troops to escort her. After he left, he thought about what the sage Kanwa would say when he found out. He returned to his capital with these thoughts.

Kanwa returned and saw everything with his spiritual powers. He blessed Sakuntala, saying, ‘Your secret marriage has not harmed your virtue. The Gandharva marriage is best for Kshatriyas. Your son will be mighty and rule over the sea.’ Sakuntala then served her father, who blessed Dushyanta and his ministers for her sake.

After Dushyanta left the hermitage with promises to Shakuntala, she gave birth to a boy of immense energy. By the time the child was three, he shone as brightly as a blazing fire. The boy was beautiful, magnanimous, and accomplished. The virtuous Kanwa ensured all religious rites were performed for the intelligent child who thrived daily. The boy, with pearly teeth, shining locks, and the strength to slay lions, had auspicious signs on his palm and a broad forehead, growing in beauty and strength. Like a celestial child, he rapidly matured. By six, he exhibited great strength, tying lions, tigers, bears, buffaloes, and elephants to trees and playfully riding and pursuing animals. The residents of Kanwa’s hermitage named him Sarvadamana (the subduer of all) due to his ability to restrain even the strongest animals. Recognizing his prowess, Kanwa decided it was time to install the boy as heir-apparent and instructed his disciples to escort Shakuntala and her son to her husband’s abode, warning that prolonged stays in parental homes harm a woman’s reputation and virtue.

Kanwa’s disciples obeyed and took Shakuntala and her son to the city of Hastinapura. Shakuntala, with her celestial-looking son, approached the king, who was introduced to them by Kanwa’s disciples. Shakuntala worshipped the king and revealed, “This is your son, O king! Let him be installed as your heir-apparent. Fulfil the promise you made to me in Kanwa’s hermitage.”

Hearing this, Dushyanta denied any recollection, accusing her of deceit and questioning their connection. Shakuntala, humiliated, stood like a wooden post, grief-stricken. Soon, her eyes reddened with anger, and she addressed the king fiercely, reminding him of his promise and the divine witness of Narayana in his heart. She rebuked him for his dishonesty and warned him of the consequences of denying his own son, highlighting the virtues of a wife and mother and the sacred bond between husband and wife. Despite her passionate plea, Dushyanta continued to deny her claims, dismissing her words as deceitful. Shakuntala, undeterred, defended her lineage and the purity of her son, emphasizing the significance of a son in carrying forward one’s legacy and the importance of truth.

As Shakuntala departed, a celestial voice confirmed her words, urging Dushyanta to accept his son. The voice proclaimed that a son is the father reborn and should be cherished. Hearing this, Dushyanta rejoiced, embraced his son, and performed all fatherly rites. He then affectionately reconciled with Shakuntala, acknowledging his prior caution to establish her purity. Dushyanta named the boy Bharata and formally installed him as heir-apparent. Bharata, with his invincible chariot wheels, subdued all kings of the Earth, ruled virtuously, and performed many sacrifices with Kanwa as the chief priest. The monarch’s great achievements led to the naming of the Bharata race after him, producing numerous godlike kings devoted to truth and honesty. Their illustrious lineage continued with countless renowned monarchs.

The story of Dushyanta and Shakuntala from the Mahabharata is rich in lessons and moral teachings. We can learn some life lessons from this story.

Virtuous Leadership: prosperity, peace, and virtue marked King Dushyanta’s reign. His rule exemplifies how a just and virtuous leader can bring about harmony and abundance in society.

Respect for promises: The story emphasizes the importance of keeping promises. Dushyanta initially forgets his promise to Shakuntala, but ultimately, divine intervention reminds him of his duty. This teaches us the value of honouring our commitments.

Divine Justice: The celestial voice that confirms Shakuntala’s words serves as a reminder that truth and justice will ultimately prevail, even if temporarily obscured.

The Power of Love and Duty: Shakuntala’s unwavering love for Dushyanta and her sense of duty towards her son highlight the strength of maternal love and the responsibilities that come with relationships.

Righteous Conduct: The story underscores the importance of righteous conduct and moral integrity. Dushyanta is eventually recognized and celebrated for his virtues and just rule, reinforcing that virtuous living is ultimately rewarding.

Patience and Perseverance: Shakuntala’s patience in waiting for Dushyanta’s return and her perseverance in proving her son’s legitimacy demonstrate the power of patience and determination in overcoming adversity.

The Role of Fate and Destiny: The story reflects the belief in fate and divine will. Despite human actions and mistakes, destiny plays a crucial role, as seen in how Bharata, the son of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, becomes a great ruler.

Respect for Women: Shakuntala’s plight and her dignified stance remind us of the importance of respecting women and recognizing their contributions and sacrifices.

Value of Family and Legacy: The narrative shows the significance of family ties and the legacy we leave behind. Bharata’s achievements and the naming of the Bharata race after him underline the importance of one’s lineage and legacy.

Spiritual Guidance: The blessings and guidance of sages like Kanwa highlight the importance of spiritual mentorship and living a life in harmony with spiritual principles.

Responsibility for one’s actions: The story emphasizes the importance of taking responsibility for one’s choices, especially in relationships and parenthood.

The power of forgiveness and reconciliation: The story ends with Dushyanta reconciling with Shakuntala, showing the healing power of forgiveness.

The importance of raising children well: The description of Bharata’s upbringing and accomplishments highlights the significance of proper parenting and education.

The lasting impact of one’s actions: Bharata’s legacy in founding a great dynasty shows how one’s actions can have far-reaching consequences for future generations.

These lessons collectively remind us of the timeless values of truth, duty, virtue, family values, social responsibility, the enduring nature of truth and justice and the significance of moral integrity in personal and societal contexts.

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Satyavati: The Mother of Vyasa

Satyavati was the daughter of the celestial maid Adrika, who, because of a curse, lived as a fish in the river Ganges. One day, King Uparicaravasu’s semen fell into the Ganges, and the fish, Adrika, swallowed it, becoming pregnant. A fisherman caught this fish and, upon cutting it open, found two human babies inside, one male and one female. He gave the two infants to the king, who took the male child, who later became the Matsya King. The female child had a fishy smell, and the king named her Matsyagandhi (She who has the smell of fish) and gave her back to the fisherman. The fisherman took her to his hut and raised her as his daughter. Because of her dark complexion, she was also called Kali. The fisherman was engaged in ferrying people across the river, and Matsyagandhi helped her father in this work. She grew into a full-bloomed young woman.

While engaged in her vocation, the renowned Rishi Parashara saw Satyavati one day during his wanderings. Gifted with exquisite beauty and graceful smiles, Satyavati caught the eye of the wise sage, who desired her as soon as he beheld her. Addressing the daughter of Vasu, he said, “Accept my embraces, O blessed one!” Satyavati replied, “O holy one, the Rishis are standing on either bank of the river. Seen by them, how can I grant your wish?” The ascetic, thereupon, created a fog that enveloped the entire region in darkness. Seeing the fog that the great Rishi created, the maiden was filled with wonder. Helpless and blushing with bashfulness, she said, “O holy one, I am a maiden under the control of my father. By accepting your embraces, my virginity will be sullied. How shall I return home with my virginity sullied? Reflecting upon all this, do what should be done.” Gratified by her words, the best of Rishis replied, “You shall remain a virgin even if you grant my wish. Solicit the boon that you desire, for my grace has never proved fruitless.” The maiden asked for the boon that her body might emit a sweet scent instead of the fish-odour it had. The illustrious Rishi granted her wish. Overjoyed with her boon, she accepted the embraces of the Rishi. Henceforth, she was known among men as Gandhavati (the sweet-scented one).

Gratified with her excellent boon, which left her virginity unsullied, Satyavati conceived through Parashara’s embraces. On the same day, she gave birth on an island in the Yamuna to a child gifted with great energy. Because he was born on an island, he was called Dwaipayana (island-born). With his mother’s permission, the child set his mind on asceticism and went away, saying, “As soon as you remember me when the occasion comes, I shall appear unto you.”

One day, King Santanu of the lunar dynasty came to the forest for hunting. The fragrance of musk emanating from Gandhavati’s body spread throughout the forest. The king traced the origin of the smell and reached the fisherman’s hut. He fell in love with Satyavati. King Santanu had a son named Bhishma by his first wife, Ganga. Bhishma facilitated the king’s marriage to Satyavati. Santanu and Satyavati had two sons: Chitrangada and Vichitravirya.

Lessons from the Story of Satyavati

Humility and Acceptance of Fate: Satyavati’s origin from a cursed fish to becoming a queen illustrates the unpredictable nature of fate. Despite her humble beginnings, she accepted her circumstances and fulfilled her duties diligently.

Strength and Resilience: Satyavati showed immense strength and resilience. Raised as a fisherman’s daughter, she helped her father with his work, showing that even in difficult situations, one can rise above and achieve greatness.

Virtue and Morality: When approached by Rishi Parashara, Satyavati maintained her virtue, expressing concerns about her virginity and social standing. Her adherence to moral values, even in challenging situations, underscores the importance of staying true to one’s principles.

Power of Consent: Satyavati’s encounter with Rishi Parashara highlights the significance of consent. Parashara, despite his desires, ensured that Satyavati’s consent was obtained and respected her conditions, showing the importance of mutual respect in relationships.

Transformation and Inner Beauty: Satyavati’s transformation from having a fishy smell to emitting a sweet scent symbolizes the importance of inner beauty and character. It shows that true transformation comes from within and can change how one is perceived by the world.

Divine Intervention and Blessings: The blessings Satyavati received from Parashara, such as retaining her virginity and gaining a pleasant fragrance, show that divine interventions and blessings can significantly alter one’s destiny when they uphold virtue and righteousness.

Adaptability and Wisdom: Satyavati’s ability to adapt to her new roles, first as a fisherman’s daughter and later as a queen, showcases her wisdom and flexibility. She navigated through different phases of life with grace and intelligence.

Legacy and Leadership: her children and their significant roles mark Satyavati’s legacy in the epic Mahabharata. Her son Vyasa’s contribution to compiling the Vedas and the epic itself reflects her indirect influence on shaping cultural and religious texts.

Duty and Responsibility: After becoming queen, Satyavati took her responsibilities seriously. Her actions ensured the continuation of the Kuru dynasty, emphasizing the importance of duty and responsibility in one’s life.

Love and loyalty: Satyavati’s relationship with King Santanu shows the power of love and loyalty. Despite the challenges, their union brought forth important heirs, demonstrating how love can transcend social and personal obstacles.

Satyavati’s journey from a cursed fish to a revered queen teaches us about resilience, virtue, the power of consent, and the transformative power of inner beauty and character. Her story reminds us that our origins do not define our destiny and that strength and wisdom can guide us through the most challenging times.

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